Pencucian Uang di Negara-Negara APEC
Analisis Model Gravitasi tentang Daya Tarik dan Pilihan Tujuan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59593/amlcft.2023.v1i2.56Kata Kunci:
APEC, Daya Tarik Pencucian Uang, Ekonomi, Kejahatan Keuangan, Model Gravitasi, Pencucian uang, Tata Kelola PublikAbstrak
Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengukur daya tarik antara negara anggota Kerja Sama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik (APEC) dan Indonesia sebagai tempat pencucian uang hasil kejahatan. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga ingin mengidentifikasi daya tarik negara-negara anggota APEC secara umum sebagai tujuan pencucian uang, serta menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi tingkat daya tarik suatu negara sebagai tujuan pencucian uang. Daya tarik tersebut diukur menggunakan model yang berdasarkan persamaan gravitasi Newton dengan mempertimbangkan berbagai variabel, termasuk aspek ekonomi, sikap pemerintah terhadap tata kelola APU-PPT (Anti-Pencucian Uang dan Pencegahan Pendanaan Teroris), keanggotaan SWIFT, persepsi risiko korupsi, risiko konflik, kerahasiaan perbankan, serta jarak secara geografis maupun sosial-budaya. Analisis korelasi Pearson juga digunakan untuk menguji interaksi dan korelasi statistik antara variabel-variabel tersebut. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa beberapa negara secara konsisten menempati posisi tiga teratas sebagai tujuan pencucian uang yang paling menarik, yaitu Singapura, Hongkong, dan Amerika Serikat. Selain itu, hasil analisis korelasi juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi positif yang signifikan antara daya tarik suatu negara dengan kerahasiaan perbankan (financial secrecy) dan pendapatan per kapita (PNB). Temuan ini menjelaskan bahwa kerahasiaan penerima manfaat dan data perbankan, serta kondisi ekonomi suatu negara menjadi salah satu pertimbangan utama bagi para pencuci uang dalam memilih negara tujuan untuk menyembunyikan hasil kejahatan mereka.
Unduhan
Referensi
Adefeso, H. A. (2018, March). Corruption, Political Instability and Development Nexus in Africa: A call for Sequential Policies Reforms. MPRA Paper. Retrieved April, 2023, from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/85277/
Alfada, A. (2019). The destructive effect of corruption on economic growth in Indonesia: A threshold model. Heliyon, 5(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02649
Balani, H., Lewer, J. J., & Saenz, M. (2017). Trade Based Money Laundering in Select Asian Economies: A Comparative Approach Using the Gravity Model. Southwestern Economic Review, 44(1), 15-28. Retrieved March, 2023, from https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/economics-facpubs/187
Bates, J. K. (2014). A Gravitational Model of Crime Flows in Normal, Illinois: 2004-2012. The Park Place Economist, 22. Retrieved March, 2023, from https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol22/iss1/10
Benedictis, L. D., & Taglioni, D. (2011). The Gravity Model in International Trade. In The Trade Impact of European Union Preferencial Policies. Springer. Retrieved March, 2023, from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2384045
Caselaw Access Project. (1982, November 10). United States v. Four Million Two Hundred & Fifty-Five Thousand, Six Hundred & Twenty-Five Dollars & Thirty-Nine Cents, 551 F. Supp. 314 (1982). Caselaw Access Project Harvard Law School. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://cite.case.law/f-supp/551/314/
Chartrand, G. (1985). Introductory graph theory. Dover. https://archive.org/details/introductorygrap0000char
Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Development of Gravitational Theory. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 9, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/summary/gravity-physics
FATF. (1990). FATF on Money Laundering Report. FATF. Retrieved April, 2023, from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf/documents/reports/1990%20ENG.pdf
Ferwerda, J., Kattenberg, M., Chang, H.-H., Unger, B., Groot, L., & Bikker, J. A. (2013). Gravity Models of Trade-Based Money Laundering. Applied Economics, 45(22), 3170-3182. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2012.699190
Ferwerda, J., van Saase, A., Unger, B., & Getzner, M. (2020, 29 October). Estimating Money Laundering Flows with a Gravity Model-Based Simulation. Scientific Reports, (10). https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75653-x
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. (n.d.). History of Anti-Money Laundering Laws. FinCEN. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://www.fincen.gov/history-anti-money-laundering-laws
Financial Secrecy Index. (2022). Financial Secrecy Index 2022. Financial Secrecy Index – Tax Justice Network. Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://fsi.taxjustice.net/
History of the FATF. (n.d.). FATF. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/the-fatf/history-of-the-fatf.html
Kamin, K. (2022, June). Bilateral trade and conflict heterogeneity: The impact of conflict on trade revisited. Kiel Working Paper, (2222). Retrieved March, 2023, from https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/261298/1/1808797264.pdf
Kumar, V. A. (2012). Money Laundering: Concept, Significance and its Impact. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(2), 113-119. Retrieved April, 2023, from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234624157.pdf
Linde, D. v. d., & Unger, B. (Eds.). (2013). Research Handbook on Money Laundering. Edward Elgar.
Pearson, K. (1895). Notes on Regression and Inheritance in the Case of Two Parents. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 58(347-352), 240-242. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1895.0041
Polachek, S. W. (1980, March). Conflict and Trade. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24(1), 55-78. Retrieved March, 2023, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/173934
Ryder, N. (2008, November). The Financial Services Authority and Money Laundering a Game of Cat and Mouse. The Cambridge Law Journal, 67(3), 635-653. Retrieved April, 2024, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/25166446
Smith, T. S. (1976, June). Inverse Distance Variations for the Flow of Crime in Urban Areas. Social Forces, 54(4), 802-815. https://doi.org/10.2307/2576176
The World Bank. (2017). GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) | Data. World Bank Data. Retrieved April 9, 2023, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
The World Bank Group. (n.d.). Why use GNI per capita to classify economies into income groupings? – World Bank Data Help Desk. World Bank Data Help Desk. Retrieved April 9, 2023, from https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378831-why-use-gni-per-capita-to-classify-economies-into
UCDP. (2022). Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Uppsala Conflict Data Program: UCDP. Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://ucdp.uu.se/
UNODC. (n.d.). Money Laundering. UNODC. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/overview.html
Walker, J. (n.d.). Overview Report: Quantification of Money Laundering. Gov.bc.ca. Retrieved April 7, 2023, from https://ag-pssg-sharedservices-ex.objectstore.gov.bc.ca/ag-pssg-cc-exh-prod-bkt-ex/323%20-%20Quantification%20of%20ML%20OR%20Revised%20FINAL.pdf
Walker, J. (n.d.). Overview Report: Quantification of Money Laundering A. Scope of Overview Report 1. This Overview Report is about estimating the. Gov.bc.ca. Retrieved March 17, 2023, from https://ag-pssg-sharedservices-ex.objectstore.gov.bc.ca/ag-pssg-cc-exh-prod-bkt-ex/323%20-%20Quantification%20of%20ML%20OR%20Revised%20FINAL.pdf
Walker, J. (1999). How Big is Global Money Laundering? Journal of Money Laundering Control, 3, 25-37. Retrieved March, 2023, from https://ag-pssg-sharedservices-ex.objectstore.gov.bc.ca/ag-pssg-cc-exh-prod-bkt-ex/327%20-%20How%20Big%20is%20Global%20Money%20Laundering%20-%20Journal%20of%20Money%20Laundering%20Control-Walker-1999.pdf
Walker, J., & Unger, B. (2009). REVIEW OF LAW AND ECONOMICS. Measuring Global Money Laundering: “The Walker Gravity Model”, 821-853. Retrieved March, 2023, from http://www2.econ.uu.nl/users/unger/publications/RLE2.pdf
Worldwide Governance Indicators. (2022). WGI 2022 Interactive > Home. World Bank. Retrieved April 10, 2023, from https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/
Yu, S. (2019). Still Keeping Secrets? Bank Secrecy, Money Laundering, and Anti-Money Laundering in Switzerland and Singapore. IALS Student Law Review, 6(1), 19-25. Retrieved March, 2023, from https://journals.sas.ac.uk/lawreview/article/view/4955/4895
Unduhan
Telah diserahkan
diterima
Diterbitkan
Cara Mengutip
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2023 AML/CFT Journal : The Journal Of Anti Money Laundering And Countering The Financing Of Terrorism
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Hak cipta untuk artikel yang diterbitkan dalam Journal of Anti Money Laundering and Countering The Financing of Terrorism (AML CFT JOURNAL) tetap dimiliki oleh penulis. Sebelum publikasi artikel diterima, penulis berarti menyetujui lisensi Creative Commons CC-BY-SA (klik di sini untuk membaca teks lengkap ketentuan) dan juga perjanjian dengan pengelola jurnal. Lisensi Creative Commons memberikan hak umum untuk menyimpan, menerbitkan, mendistribusikan, mengakses, dan menggunakan artikel secara komersial.
