Kebaikan atau Ancaman? Model Analytic Hierarchy Process untuk Penilaian Risiko Pendanaan Terorisme

I Made Wisnu Wardhana

doi:10.59593/amlcft.2025.v4i1.266

Authors

I Made Wisnu Wardhana Universitas Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4756-9448

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59593/amlcft.2025.v4i1.266

Keywords:

Non-profit Organisations, Risk Assessment, Terrorism Financing

Abstract

Non-profit organisations (NPOs) in Indonesia remain highly vulnerable to exploitation for terrorism financing despite the existence of legal and regulatory frameworks. Both registered and unregistered entities are often misused under humanitarian, religious, or educational fronts, exposing significant gaps in oversight. This study develops an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-based framework to systematically assess the terrorism financing risks of NPOs. Eight key indicators identified from prior qualitative research are categorised into two dimensions (internal and external) and weighted according to their relative significance. Eleven verified case studies of NPOs involved in terrorism financing were analysed using this model. The analysis produces quantifiable risk scores that are visualised in a two-dimensional matrix, classifying NPOs into low, moderate, or high-risk categories. Findings reveal that high-risk NPOs are typically unregistered, utilise personal bank accounts, and maintain direct or ideological links with domestic and transnational terrorist networks. The proposed AHP model provides an objective and operational tool for intelligence and regulatory authorities to prioritise supervision and allocate resources effectively, thereby strengthening Indonesia’s risk-based approach to counter-terrorism financing and offering potential adaptability within broader regional frameworks.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Afriansyah, Arie, Ahmad Ghozi, and M Akila Wargadalem. “Indonesia’s Laws and Policies in Combatting Terrorism Financing.” AML/CFT Journal the Journal of Anti Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism 2, no. 1 (December 2, 2023): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.59593/amlcft.2023.v2i1.49.

AUSTRAC. “2018 Non-Profit Organisations & Terrorism Financing Red Flag Indicators,” 2018. www.austrac.gov.au/regional-not-profit-sector-risk-assessment-2017.

———. “Regional Risk Assessment 2016 Southeast Asia & Australia,” 2016. www.itsanhonour.gov.au.

———. “Regional Risk Assessment 2017,” 2017.

Berrebi, Claude, and Hanan Yonah. “Terrorism and Philanthropy: The Effect of Terror Attacks on the Scope of Giving by Individuals and Households.” Public Choice 169, no. 3–4 (December 1, 2016): 171–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-016-0375-y.

Bolleyer, Nicole, and Anika Gauja. “Combating Terrorism by Constraining Charities? Charity and Counterterrorism Legislation Before and After 9/11,” 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10871/26037.

Choudary, Pankaj, and Upasna Singh. “Ranking Terrorist Organizations Network in India Using Combined Sna-Ahp Approach.” International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 7, No.4 (2018): 168–72.

Choudhary, Pankaj, and Upasna Singh. “Ranking Terrorist Nodes of 26/11 Mumbai Attack Using Analytical Hierarchy Process with Social Network Analysis.” 11th Annual Symposium on Information Assurance (Asia ’16), June 8, 2016, 46–51.

FATF. “Best Practices Combating the Abuse of Non-Profit Organisations (Recommendation 8),” 2015. www.fatf-gafi.org.

Febriansyah, Luthfi, and Imam Riadi. “Analysis on Predicting Cyberterrorism Using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) Method).” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 96 (2018): 22. www.jatit.org.

Fox, William P., Brendan Ormond, and Alex Williams. “Ranking Terrorist Targets Using a Hybrid AHP–TOPSIS Methodology.” Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548512914563619.

Laksmi, Sylvia Windya. “An Analysis of Government Capabilities in Countering Terrorist Financing in Indonesia.” The Australian National University, 2022.

———. “Nexus between Charities and Terrorist Financing in Indonesia.” Terrorist Trends and Analyses 11, no. 7 (2019): 6–10. https://doi.org/10.2307/26778274.

Levitt, Matthew. “Terrorist Abuse of Charity in the Age of the Islamic State and the Syria War.” Canada, February 13, 2017. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-03/australian-charity-investigated-for-alleged-is-links/6591174.

Li, Yulong, Tao Wang, Xinyi Song, and Guijun Li. “Optimal Resource Allocation for Anti-Terrorism in Protecting Overpass Bridge Based on AHP Risk Assessment Model.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 309–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-015-0233-3.

Lynn Bell, Jennifer. “Terrorist Abuse of Non-Profits and Charities: A Proactive Approach to Preventing Terrorist Financing.” Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy XVII:3 (2008): 450–76. https://www.ustreas.gov/offices/enforcement/key-.

PPATK. “Laporan Hasil Riset Analisis Strategis: Risiko Organisasi Kemasyarakatan (ORMAS) Terhadap Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme (Periode Data Riset 2013 s.d 2015),” September 2016.

———. “Penilaian Risiko Indonesia Terhadap Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme,” 2015. https://www.ppatk.go.id.

———. “Penilaian Risiko Indonesia Terhadap Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme dan Pendanaan Proliferasi Senjata Pemusnah Massal,” 2021.

Romaniuk, Peter, and Tom Keatinge. “Protecting Charities from Terrorists … and Counterterrorists: FATF and the Global Effort to Prevent Terrorist Financing through the Non-Profit Sector.” Crime, Law and Social Change 69, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 265–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9755-6.

Rose, Gregory. “Terrorism Financing in Foreign Conflict Zones.” Journal of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) 10, Issue 2, no. 2 (February 2018): 11–16. www.rsis.edu.sg.

Saaty, Thomas L. How To Make A Decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw-Hill International Book Company, 1980.

Thomas, Michael. “Review of Combating Terrorism: Strategies and Approaches.” Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 6, no. 1 (January 7, 2009). https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1528.

Wardhana, I.M.W. “An Indonesian Perspective on Terror Financing Investigation.” Journal of Defence & Policy Analysis 01, no. 01 (December 2021): 80–88. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371415953.

———. “The Analysis of Non-Profit Organisations in Terrorism Financing in Indonesia.” Charles Sturt University, 2023.

Watson, Scott, and Regan Burles. “Regulating NGO Funding: Securitizing the Political.” International Relations 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 430–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117818782604.

Yunanto, Sri, Angel Damayanti, Suhail -, Amin Shabana, Asep Setiawan, M. Syauqillah, Usni -, Syaiful Rohman, and Ahsani Maulinardi. “Misuse of Islamic Charity for Terrorism in Indonesia: Modus, Countermeasures, and Challenges.” Studies in Social Science Research 4, no. 3 (June 30, 2023): p1. https://doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v4n3p1.